What is Dry Eye Disease?

Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome, is a common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. Tears are essential for maintaining the health of the front surface of the eye and for providing clear vision. Here are the key aspects of dry eye disease:

Symptoms:

  1. Burning and Irritation

  2. Itchiness

  3. Redness

  4. Unstable or blurry Vision

  5. Sensitivity to light

  6. Sudden excess of tears

  7. Mucous discharge

  8. Contact lens intolerance.

Causes:

  1. Tear Production: Insufficient tear production by the lacrimal glands, which produce tears.

  2. Tear Quality: Poor quality tears that do not lubricate the eyes effectively.

  3. Environmental Factors: Dry or windy climates, air conditioning, and indoor heating can contribute to evaporation of tears.

  4. Age: Dry eye becomes more common with age, especially in individuals over 50.

  5. Medical Conditions: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes, and thyroid disorders can increase the risk of dry eye.

  6. Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapy, and antidepressants, can decrease tear production.

Diagnosis:

  1. Symptoms Assessment: Your eye care professional will ask about your symptoms and medical history.

  2. Eye Examination: A comprehensive eye exam, including evaluation of tear production and quality.

  3. Tear Tests: Tests to measure the volume and quality of your tears.

  4. Other Tests: Additional tests may include evaluating the surface of the eye with special dyes or imaging techniques.

Treatment:

  1. Artificial Tears: Lubricating eye drops or ointments to relieve dryness and discomfort.

  2. Prescription Medications: Medications such as cyclosporine (Restasis) or lifitegrast (Xiidra) may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve tear production.

  3. Conserving Tears: Punctal plugs may be inserted into the tear ducts to reduce tear drainage and keep the eyes moist.

  4. Lifestyle Changes: Adjustments such as using a humidifier, taking breaks during prolonged visual tasks, and avoiding smoke and dry environments.

  5. Treating Underlying Conditions: Managing underlying conditions contributing to dry eye, such as arthritis or allergies.

  6. Surgical Options: In severe cases, surgical procedures to close the tear ducts or to stimulate tear production may be considered.

Prevention:

  1. Eye Care Habits: Regularly using artificial tears, especially in dry environments.

  2. Hydration: Drinking plenty of water to maintain overall hydration.

  3. Protective Eyewear: Wearing sunglasses outdoors to protect against wind and dry air.

If you experience symptoms of dry eye disease, it's important to seek evaluation and treatment from an eye care professional. Effective management can relieve discomfort and prevent complications that could affect your vision and eye health.